The Leaves of Olive (Olea europaea L.) are frequently used across Mediterranean and European countries as instance Spain, Greece, Italy, France,Turkey, Morocco, Iraq and finally Tunisia. Olea europaea L. has been traditionally used as a febrifuge, laxative, diuretic, emollient, hypotensive and skin cleanser. One of these more possible bioactive constituents is the secoiridoid called oleuropein. In addition to oleuropein, there are numerous bioactive substances present in olive leaves include triterpenes and flavonoids. This study aims are Phytochemical investigation of Olea europaea leaves growing in Iraq. The preliminary phytochemical screening of Iraqi O. europaea showed the presence of different phytochemical compounds such as terpenes, flavonoids, saponin and tannin. With absence of alkaloids that critical in the biological activities of O.europaea plant. Microscopically examination of the leaf of olive showed the presence of scales cells with hairs surrounded it. Finally, Kaempferol and Apigenen are Two flavonoids were detected in the alcoholic extract by TLC.

Purpose: To investigate the surgical outcome of esotropia and the possible factors leading to poor outcome regarding alignment. Patients and Methods: This study included 81 patients who were enrolled in a retrospective cross-sectional manner, at Ibsar center in Al-Najaf city, from January 2012 to June 2019. The data were collected from medical records of patients who underwent surgical correction for esotropia and included: patients’ age, patients’ gender, type of operation, presence of amblyopia, dissociated vertical deviation (DVD), degree of preoperative esotropia , type of esotropia and the main surgical outcome regarding alignment in the last postoperative follow up. Results: The median age of participants was 5 years and ranged from 1-37 years, with 43 (53.09%) males and 38 (46.91%) females. The main outcome was 63 (77.78%) patients with orthotropia and 15 (18.52%) had undercorrection, while only 3 (3.7%) had overcorrection. Conclusions: The outcome regarding ocular alignment in the current study were satisfying and comparable to other studies in the world. Age, gender, degree of esodeviation preoperatively, type of surgery, type of squint, amblyopia or DVD were not associated with surgical outcome regarding alignment.

The genus Cestrum contains about 300 species, most of which are native to the mildly subtropical and tropical parts of America (family Solanaceae; Cestrum nocturnum L.). Traditional medical systems have demonstrated that the plant is a dependable source of antibacterial compounds. The antibacterial activity of Cestrum nocturnum leaf and stem extracts was evaluated. The extracts were evaluated in a range of solvents against the following microorganisms: Salmonella flexineri, Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella paratyphi B, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The ethyl acetate leaf and stem extracts were shown to be the most active extracts. The results were contrasted with those of streptomycin and penicillin.

Background: In an era dominated by pervasive technological integration, the escalating use of electronic devices has given rise to health challenges, prominently exemplified by Digital Eye Strain (DES). This multifaceted condition, characterized by visual discomfort and fatigue stemming from prolonged digital screen exposure, warrants comprehensive investigation. Himachal Pradesh, nestled in northern India, presents a unique blend of tradition and modernity, necessitating an in-depth exploration of Digital Eye Strain awareness and prevention strategies among its diverse population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Himachal Pradesh from August to November 2023, targeting adults aged 18 and above. A robust sample size of 400 residents was determined using a 95% confidence level and a 5% non-response rate. A Google Form questionnaire, comprising demographic inquiries and 20 knowledge-based questions on Digital Eye Strain, was employed. The study utilized a descriptive research approach and data analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: Among the 400 participants, 33% exhibited "very good" knowledge, 41% demonstrated "good" knowledge, 16.25% had "fair" knowledge and 9.75% displayed "poor" knowledge regarding Digital Eye Strain. Identified knowledge gaps include preventive strategies, effectiveness of blue light-blocking glasses and ergonomic adjustments. Notably, 40.25% sought professional advice for Digital Eye Strain symptoms, indicating an awareness of its potential impact. Conclusion: The study illuminates varying levels of Digital Eye Strain awareness in Himachal Pradesh, highlighting the necessity for targeted interventions. Identified knowledge gaps present opportunities for educational initiatives, emphasizing the need for region-specific strategies. The study contributes to the growing body of evidence, advocating for tailored public health measures to promote digital wellness in this culturally rich state.

Background: Childbirth is a transformative event and the administration of labor anesthesia plays a pivotal role in ensuring a positive experience for both the mother and the newborn. Despite medical advancements, knowledge gaps persist, especially in unique cultural contexts such as Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in District Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, from August to November 2023. A sample of 400 residents aged 18 and above participated in a Google Form questionnaire assessing socio-demographic details and knowledge on labor anesthesia. The tool's validity was ensured by field experts and data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: Of the 400 participants, 24.25% demonstrated very good knowledge, 28.75% good knowledge, 25.75% fair knowledge and 21.25% poor knowledge regarding labor anesthesia. Specific areas, including types of anesthesia and associated risks, revealed opportunities for targeted education. Comparisons with Indian studies highlighted the nationwide need for enhanced awareness. Conclusion: The study underscores the imperative of addressing knowledge gaps in labor anesthesia, particularly in Kinnaur. Bridging these gaps can significantly impact maternal care, reduce stress and enhance overall birthing experiences. Recommendations include tailored educational interventions and community-specific strategies.

Thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, are global health concerns with multifaceted implications. Geographical variations, lifestyle factors and genetic predispositions contribute to the complexity of these disorders. In the Himalayan region of Himachal Pradesh, unique environmental and cultural factors may influence thyroid health, necessitating an exploration of awareness and knowledge levels among the populace. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional survey, conducted from August 2023 to November 2023, involved 400 adults residing in Himachal Pradesh for at least 12 months. A Google Form questionnaire assessed socio-demographics and knowledge of thyroid disorders. Scoring ranged from 0 to 20, categorizing participants as having very good >80%, good 60-79%, fair 41-59%, or poor <40% knowledge. Data analysis utilized Epi Info V7 Software, emphasizing frequencies and percentages. Results: Of the 400 participants, 54.5% were male, 45.5% female, 34.75% urban and 65.25% rural residents. Overall, 27.25% exhibited very good knowledge, 37% good knowledge, 21.75% fair knowledge and 14% poor knowledge. Notably, participants demonstrated robust awareness of symptoms 55.5%-61.5% and importance of regular testing 58.25%, while gaps existed in medication identification 40.25% and autoimmune associations 16.75%. Conclusion: This study unveils diverse knowledge levels among Himachal Pradesh residents regarding thyroid disorders. Identified gaps underscore the need for targeted educational interventions, aligning with global and national initiatives. The study contributes to regional comprehension and lays a foundation for public health strategies tailored to the Himalayan context.

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder with global prevalence, impacting women's reproductive health. This study focuses on the awareness, symptoms, risk factors and treatment perspectives of PCOS among women in District Solan, Himachal Pradesh. While global literature recognizes PCOS's significance, regional variations necessitate a nuanced understanding, especially in the context of the rising prevalence in India. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving 400 women of reproductive age in District Solan was conducted between August and November 2023. The descriptive research approach utilized a Google Form questionnaire assessing demographic details, PCOS awareness, symptoms and treatment perspectives. The survey incorporated scoring mechanisms for knowledge levels. Statistical analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: Participants demonstrated commendable awareness, with 33% exhibiting very good knowledge. Symptom recognition was high, encompassing irregular menstrual cycles, infertility risks and associated health implications. Treatment perspectives included hormonal birth control pills, insulin-sensitizing drugs, lifestyle modifications and physical activity. The findings aligned with global and Indian studies, highlighting a positive trajectory in PCOS awareness among women in District Solan. Conclusion: This study contributes valuable insights into PCOS awareness in District Solan, emphasizing the need for tailored healthcare strategies. Recognizing the global and regional dimensions of PCOS, interventions should address specific knowledge gaps and misconceptions. The study sets the stage for informed healthcare strategies, fostering a culture of well-informed and empowered women in their reproductive health journey.

Background: In the dynamic landscape of global demographics, falls among the elderly pose a substantial threat, leading to severe injuries and heightened healthcare burdens. This study focuses on the elderly population in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, exploring the interplay of environmental and cultural factors influencing their vulnerability to falls. Materials and Methods: Utilizing a descriptive cross-sectional survey design, the study engaged 400 elderly residents of District Shimla, with a sample determined for robust representation. A Google Form questionnaire assessed socio-demographic details and knowledge about fall risk factors and preventive measures. The study duration spanned from August 2023 to October 2023, employing online data collection methods through email and various social media platforms. Results: The study unveiled diverse knowledge levels among participants, with 23% demonstrating very good knowledge, 35.5% good knowledge, 25.25% fair knowledge and 16.25% poor knowledge regarding fall risk factors and preventive measures. While 71.25% exhibited awareness of common risk factors, knowledge gaps were observed in areas such as assistive devices 31.5% and community resources 24%. Approximately 29.25% reported receiving fall prevention information from healthcare providers or community programs. Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for targeted educational interventions to address varying awareness levels among the elderly in Shimla. While commendable understanding exists for common risk factors, there is room for improvement in knowledge about specific preventive measures and available resources. The study advocates for comprehensive community outreach programs and increased healthcare engagement to bridge identified knowledge gaps, contributing to global efforts in fall prevention among aging populations.

Background: Liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has witnessed a surge in global prevalence, necessitating localized interventions to address diverse socio-cultural factors influencing awareness and preventive measures. District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, with its unique geographical and cultural tapestry, serves as a focal point for examining and addressing the challenges posed by liver cancer. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between August and October 2023, targeting 400 adults residing in District Kangra for at least 12 months. A Google Form questionnaire encompassing socio-demographic details and knowledge-related queries regarding liver cancer was utilized. The data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 Software, employing descriptive statistics to evaluate knowledge levels, demographic variations, and correlations. Results: The study revealed varying knowledge levels among participants, with 29.5% demonstrating very good knowledge, 36.75% good knowledge, 21.5% fair knowledge, and 12.25% poor knowledge regarding liver cancer. Demographic factors, including age, education, and rural-urban residence, influenced awareness levels. While participants exhibited moderate awareness of risk factors (65.25%) and preventive measures (54.5%), a significant gap was observed in knowledge regarding screening methods (25.5%). Limited awareness (25.5%) concerning the link between viral hepatitis and liver cancer underscored the need for integrated health campaigns. Conclusion: This study provides crucial insights into the landscape of liver cancer awareness in District Kangra, emphasizing the necessity of targeted educational initiatives. Addressing gaps in knowledge, especially regarding screening methods and the association with viral hepatitis, is imperative for effective prevention and early detection strategies. The findings contribute not only to local public health interventions but also offer valuable lessons for crafting culturally sensitive approaches to alleviate the global burden of liver cancer.

Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) have wide application prospects in the technology and biomedicine fields. As a result, increased human and animal exposure to these nanoparticles through various routes raises health concerns. The present experiment aims to investigate the potential ameliorative role of thyme oil (TO) against disturbances of some hepatic and renal parameters caused by NiO-NPs in laboratory rats. Randomly, thirty-two adult rats were distributed into 4 groups, first group was a negative control and the remaining three groups were set for treatment through oral gavage for a period of 28 consecutive days. Treatment groups received the following: NiO-NPs (100 mg/kg), TO (5 mg/kg), NiO-NPs plus TO in the same amounts as mentioned. The results confirmed that intoxicated rats with NiO-NPs showed a considerable excess in serum levels of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine and urea along with increased malondialdehyde activity in hepatic and renal tissues. In contrast a notable reduce in superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels has been reported. However, when administering thyme oil to poisoned rats with NiO-NPs, a clear attenuation of all studied parameters was observed. In conclude, thyme oil has defensive role against possible hepatorenal toxicity induced by nanoparticles.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a parasitic ulcerative disease caused by a flagellate protozoan of the genus Leishmania. It is a parasitosis that can cause both cutaneous and visceral damage. Palpebral localization is relatively rare. Morocco remains one of the endemic countries for the disease, with three main types of leishmaniasis: cutaneous; cutaneomucosal; and visceral, which is the most serious but rarest form of the disease. There are two clinical forms of palpebral leishmaniasis: 1. The dry form, in the form of a slightly indurated, highly pruritic papule. 2. The wet form is more widespread in rural areas. Curative treatment includes classical therapies such as antimony-derived products, while modern drugs are more numerous, less harmful and have similar effects. Arabinogalactan, rifampicin, allopurinol, metronidazole and amphotericin B are just a few examples. Electrocoagulation, cryoapplication, surgical excision and intralesional infiltration are used for local treatment.

Background: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder with significant impacts on the quality of life and healthcare systems globally. However, our understanding of IBS is primarily derived from Western studies and regional variations in awareness and knowledge exist. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional survey, conducted in District Moga, Punjab, aimed to assess IBS awareness and knowledge among 400 adults. A structured questionnaire covered socio-demographics and 20 knowledge-related IBS questions, categorized as very good, good, fair, or poor. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: Approximately 21.75% demonstrated very good knowledge, 30.25% good knowledge, 29.5% fair knowledge and 18.5% poor knowledge. Regional variations and cultural factors played a role, emphasizing the need for tailored educational initiatives. Comparison with Western studies highlighted varying awareness levels. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of enhancing IBS awareness and knowledge in District Moga, Punjab, to facilitate early diagnosis, reduce stigma, optimize healthcare resource utilization and improve the quality of life for individuals with IBS. Region-specific education initiatives are essential for addressing the knowledge gap.

Background: Airway management is a critical component of anesthesia practice, essential for ensuring patient safety during surgical procedures. This study assesses the knowledge and awareness levels of Resident Anesthetists in Himachal Pradesh regarding airway management techniques, focusing on intubation, mask ventilation and the use of supraglottic airway devices. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was employed, targeting Junior and Senior Residents of Anesthesia in Himachal Pradesh. A sample size of 100 participants was determined and a structured questionnaire was used to assess knowledge. Data analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: Among the 100 participants, the study found that 21 had very good knowledge, 35 had good knowledge, 24 had fair knowledge and 20 had poor knowledge of airway management techniques. Participants demonstrated proficiency in understanding the primary goals of airway management, indications for endotracheal intubation and complications and challenges during airway management. Areas for improvement included proper placement confirmation of supraglottic airway devices and key considerations for effective mask ventilation. Conclusion: This study highlights varying levels of knowledge and proficiency among Resident Anesthetists in Himachal Pradesh in airway management techniques. Continuous educational initiatives are essential to enhance their competence, ultimately contributing to improved patient safety and healthcare standards.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) pose a significant global health challenge, with India, including Himachal Pradesh, experiencing a substantial burden. Effective response to cardiac emergencies is vital and Basic Cardiovascular Life Support (BCLS) plays a pivotal role. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of BCLS among medical officers in Himachal Pradesh. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 100 medical officers working in Himachal Pradesh. A structured questionnaire assessed BCLS knowledge. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: The study found that 63% of medical officers had very good to good knowledge of BCLS, while 37% exhibited fair to poor knowledge. Factors contributing to knowledge disparities included variations in training access, resource constraints and curriculum differences. Conclusion: While a substantial number of medical officers demonstrated adequate BCLS knowledge, notable gaps exist, highlighting the need for standardized, high-quality training programs, regular refresher courses, resource allocation, curriculum reviews, awareness campaigns and collaboration with healthcare institutions. Addressing these gaps can enhance cardiac care and patient outcomes in Himachal Pradesh.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of global mortality, necessitating timely and effective interventions, particularly in emergencies. Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) proficiency among healthcare providers is essential for improving patient outcomes. This study evaluates the knowledge of ACLS among medical officers in Himachal Pradesh, India, aiming to identify areas for improvement in emergency healthcare. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among medical officers working in Himachal Pradesh. A Google Form questionnaire assessed ACLS knowledge based on 20 structured questions. Data from 100 participants were analyzed and scores categorized as very good, good, fair, or poor. Statistical analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: The study revealed varied knowledge levels among medical officers: 26 participants had very good knowledge, 45 had good knowledge, 16 had fair knowledge and 13 had poor knowledge regarding ACLS. Notable strengths included chest compressions and compression-to-breath ratios awareness (72% and 73% correct responses, respectively) and recognition of the importance of early defibrillation (71%). Areas for improvement included the management of hypotension, leadership in team resuscitation and tachycardia treatment. The majority accurately identified key ACLS concepts such as estimating CPR effectiveness (74%) and STEMI management (67%). Conclusion: While a substantial proportion of medical officers in Himachal Pradesh exhibit good ACLS knowledge, identified knowledge gaps emphasize the need for ongoing training and education. Strengthening ACLS proficiency is pivotal for enhancing emergency healthcare services, reducing CVD-related mortality and safeguarding residents' well-being.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global public health challenge, especially in countries like India, where it exerts a substantial burden. Assessing awareness and knowledge levels about TB among the general population is crucial for effective prevention and control efforts. This study focuses on Himachal Pradesh, a region with unique characteristics, to bridge existing knowledge gaps. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving 400 adults was conducted from May to July 2023 in Himachal Pradesh. A structured questionnaire assessed participants' TB knowledge, with scores categorized into four groups. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: Encouragingly, 93.75% knew what TB is and its causes and 77.25% recognized the role of individuals and communities in raising TB awareness and reducing stigma. However, knowledge gaps existed, particularly regarding latent TB infection 23% and the importance of the BCG vaccine 21.75%. Government programs were known to 63.75% of respondents. Conclusion: This study underscores both strengths and areas for improvement in TB awareness and knowledge among the general public of Himachal Pradesh. Tailored awareness campaigns and education are essential to enhance understanding, particularly regarding latent TB, vaccination and preventive measures. These efforts can contribute to informed decision-making and strengthen TB control.

Background: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), a complication of diabetes affecting the eyes, poses a global threat to vision and public health. Despite its significant impact, awareness about DR remains limited, especially in regions like District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and July 2023 to assess DR awareness and knowledge among 400 adults residing in District Kangra. A structured questionnaire covering various aspects of DR was used and data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: The study revealed variable levels of DR awareness among participants. Approximately 49.5% understood DR's definition and its ocular effects, while 45.5% could name common symptoms. Awareness regarding risk factors (46.25%) and the role of high blood sugar levels (46.5%) in DR development was moderate. Encouragingly, 48% recognized DR as a preventable condition and 44.5% were aware of lifestyle changes that could delay its onset. Knowledge about recommended blood sugar levels (47.25%) and the irrevocable nature of DR once developed (40.5%) was fair. However, only 34.5% knew the recommended frequency of eye examinations for individuals with diabetes. Additionally, just 25.5% were aware of advanced diagnostic tests for DR and 24.5% knew about surgical options for advanced cases. Notably, 69% considered DR awareness a community priority. Conclusion: The study underscores the need for enhanced DR awareness campaigns, particularly in rural areas of District Kangra, focusing on risk factors, prevention and the importance of regular eye examinations and blood sugar control. Targeted efforts can mitigate the impact of DR, preserving vision and improving overall quality of life in the region.

Background: Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted through infected mite bites, poses a significant health threat in various parts of Asia, including India. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, renowned for its natural beauty and outdoor attractions, attracts a diverse population of tourists and outdoor enthusiasts. However, the region's scenic landscapes also harbor the risk of scrub typhus infection, necessitating an assessment of awareness and knowledge levels among the local and visiting population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Shimla from April to July 2023, involving 400 adults residing in both urban (69.75%) and rural (30.25%) areas. Participants were assessed using a structured questionnaire covering scrub typhus awareness, transmission, symptoms, and preventive measures. Responses were categorized into four knowledge levels: very good (>80%), good (60-79%), fair (41-59%), and poor (<40%). Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: Participants exhibited varying levels of knowledge regarding scrub typhus. Notably, 74.5% correctly identified scrub typhus, and 66.25% recognized its transmission through mite bites. A majority (58.5%) correctly identified geographic regions where scrub typhus is prevalent and common risk factors (60.5%). However, misconceptions persisted, with 32.25% believing scrub typhus to be person-to-person transmissible. While 67.25% identified typical clinical symptoms, only 30.25% were aware of diagnosis methods. Although 45.5% emphasized the importance of early treatment, 33.75% were informed about potential complications. Preventive measures were well-understood, with 61.75% aware of protective strategies. Additionally, 65.75% recognized specific precautions for endemic areas and 65.25% identified habitats of mite vectors. Participants were aware (47.5%) of the lack of scrub typhus vaccines. Public health initiatives (66.25%), the role of individuals in awareness promotion (68.25%), and misconceptions (59.25%) were also recognized. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into scrub typhus awareness among the general public in Shimla. While there is notable awareness regarding transmission and preventive measures, knowledge gaps exist, particularly in diagnosis and complications. Addressing these gaps through targeted public health campaigns and educational initiatives is essential to ensure safer outdoor activities, early detection, and effective prevention of scrub typhus in this picturesque region, benefiting both residents and visitors.

Background: Cervical and uterine cancers pose substantial public health challenges globally, necessitating enhanced awareness and knowledge among the general public. This study aims to assess the level of awareness and knowledge about cervical and uterine cancers among the residents of District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from April to July 2023 among 400 adults residing in District Shimla. A structured Google Form questionnaire was employed to collect data, including participants' demographic information and responses to 20 knowledge-based questions. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software, employing descriptive statistics. Results: The study revealed that 92.25% of participants had heard of cervical and uterine cancer. While 54.5% were aware of the HPV vaccine, 57.75% knew about preventive measures. However, only 58% were aware of available tests for early detection. Respondents demonstrated varying levels of understanding regarding risk factors, symptoms and screening methods. A notable proportion could name common symptoms 69.5% and recognized men's susceptibility (75.5%). Knowledge scores were categorized as very good 28%, good 37%, fair 24.25% and poor 10.75%. Conclusion: The study provides insights into the level of awareness and knowledge about cervical and uterine cancers among the general public in District Shimla. While awareness levels are encouraging, specific gaps remain, including knowledge about different uterine cancer types and screening methods. The findings can guide tailored awareness campaigns and educational initiatives to improve overall community understanding of these cancers.

Background: Colorectal cancer is a global health concern, ranking as the third most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Despite medical advancements and awareness campaigns, late-stage diagnoses and treatment inefficacy remain significant challenges. Understanding public awareness and knowledge about colorectal cancer is crucial, especially in regions undergoing demographic transitions and lifestyle changes like Himachal Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study evaluated the awareness and knowledge about colorectal cancer among District Shimla's general public in Himachal Pradesh. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from April to July 2023 using a structured Google Form questionnaire. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and knowledge levels were categorized into four tiers: very good, good, fair and poor. Results: A total of 400 respondents participated, with 152 (38%) from urban and 248 (62%) from rural areas. While 58.25% had heard about colorectal cancer, knowledge gaps were evident. Urban areas showed slightly higher awareness. The understanding of the term, disease location, risk factors and treatment options exhibited varying degrees of knowledge. While 55.5% recognized the importance of early detection, familiarity with screening methods was lower (31.75%). Genetics' role in development was acknowledged by 49.5%, but specific treatments were known to only 35.5%. Awareness campaigns' participation was 24.75%. Conclusion: Despite awareness efforts, gaps in knowledge about colorectal cancer persist in District Shimla. Customized campaigns addressing risk factors, symptoms, screening methods and treatments are essential to enhance public awareness. Collaborative efforts among healthcare providers, community leaders and local organizations, utilizing technology and social media, can effectively disseminate accurate information.

Background: Menopause, a natural physiological transition, encompasses a range of physical and psychological changes that can impact women's quality of life. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of menopausal symptoms, awareness levels and acceptance of changes among women in urban and rural settings, shedding light on the complexities of this life phase. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the urban and rural areas of Solan district, Himachal Pradesh. A self-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on demographic variables, menopausal symptoms, sources of awareness and acceptance of changes. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, Chi-Square tests and t-tests. Results: The study comprised 400 postmenopausal women (200 from each setting). The mean age at menopause was 51.52 years (rural) and 51.04 years (urban). The majority of subjects were married (98.5% rural, 98.5% urban) and had a parity range of 2-4. Socio-economic status showed significant differences, with 75.5% rural subjects above the poverty line compared to 93% urban subjects. Education levels varied, with higher illiteracy rates in urban areas (24% rural, 27% urban). Awareness was primarily gained from family and friends in both settings (92% rural, 98.5% urban). Common symptoms included hot flashes (74% rural, 77.5% urban), anxiety (36% rural, 32.5% urban) and urinary symptoms (7.5% rural, 3% urban). Acceptance of menopausal changes was high (74% rural, 74.5% urban). Significant disparities existed in symptom distribution, source of awareness and socio-demographic factors between the two settings. Conclusion: This study highlights the diverse menopausal experiences of women in urban and rural areas, emphasizing the influence of socio-cultural, economic and demographic factors on their quality of life. Tailored interventions, awareness campaigns, improved healthcare access and open dialogue are recommended to empower women during this life transition.

Background: Acne vulgaris, commonly known as acne, is a prevalent dermatological condition that impacts a significant portion of the global population, especially adolescents and young adults. In the state of Himachal Pradesh, India, where healthcare services are continuously evolving, the knowledge and awareness about acne among medical officers (MOs) play a pivotal role in early diagnosis and effective management. However, there is limited research on acne knowledge among MOs in this region. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness regarding acne among 400 Medical Officers in Himachal Pradesh. A structured questionnaire in the form of a Google Form was used to collect data on acne's prevalence, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, treatment options and potential long-term consequences. Data analysis involved frequency distribution and percentage calculation using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: The study revealed diverse knowledge levels among MOs regarding acne. Out of the 400 participants, 23.5% demonstrated very good knowledge, 39% had good knowledge, 24.25% exhibited fair knowledge and 13.25% had poor knowledge. While MOs demonstrated a good understanding of acne's clinical presentations and pathophysiology, knowledge gaps were evident in the management of severe or refractory cases, hormonal therapy rationale and potential side effects of acne medications. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of continuous medical education for MOs in Himachal Pradesh to bridge knowledge gaps and enhance patient care. Targeted educational interventions focusing on acne management guidelines and emerging treatment modalities can lead to improved patient outcomes.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a prevalent chronic metabolic disorder with serious health consequences, posing a significant public health burden worldwide. In India, the prevalence of diabetes is on the rise, especially in metropolitan cities like Mumbai. Therefore, this study aims to assess the knowledge and awareness of diabetes among the general public in Mumbai. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 adults residing in Mumbai. A validated questionnaire was used to assess participants' awareness of diabetes risk factors and preventive measures. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The majority of participants demonstrated good knowledge of diabetes, with 94.8% correctly identifying diabetes mellitus and 86.0% recognizing common symptoms. However, only 75.5% could identify risk factors for type 2 diabetes, indicating scope for improvement. Family history and obesity as risk factors were acknowledged by 72.0% and 66.3% of participants, respectively. While 71.5% recognized the importance of a balanced diet, only 26.8% were aware of glycemic index relevance. Approximately 71.5% identified preventive measures for type 2 diabetes. However, awareness regarding smoking and alcohol's impact on diabetes risk was relatively low at 51.3%. Knowledge on screening guidelines was limited to 32.0%. Stress management's role was acknowledged by 50.5% and only 37.3% identified complications. Self-management techniques were recognized by 60.8%. 69.0% emphasized the importance of education and awareness for reducing diabetes prevalence. Conclusion: The study highlights moderate awareness of diabetes risk factors and preventive measures among Mumbai's general public. Areas with lower awareness should be targeted in public health campaigns to empower individuals for early detection and prevention. Enhancing diabetes knowledge will aid in reducing the disease burden and fostering a healthier community.

Background: Menopause is a natural biological event marking the end of a woman's reproductive years. Limited research exists regarding the familiarity with postmenopausal symptoms and care among women in Himachal Pradesh, India. Addressing women's healthcare needs during this phase is crucial for improved well-being and quality of life. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among women attending the outpatient department of Civil Hospital Theog, Himachal Pradesh. Convenience sampling was used to select 400 participants aged 18 years and above. A structured questionnaire assessed knowledge regarding postmenopausal symptoms and care. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Of the participants, 26.75% had very good knowledge, 38% had good knowledge, 20.75% had fair knowledge and 14.5% had poor knowledge regarding postmenopausal symptoms and care. Areas of better understanding included defining menopause and its age range, common physical symptoms and sexual health impacts. Limited knowledge was observed regarding hormone fluctuations, differentiation between perimenopause and postmenopause and risks associated with hormone replacement therapy. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for targeted educational interventions to enhance women's knowledge of postmenopausal symptoms and care. Improving understanding of hormonal aspects, self-management strategies and treatment options can lead to better healthcare outcomes. Healthcare providers and policymakers should design culturally appropriate interventions to support menopausal women in Himachal Pradesh, thus enhancing their well-being.