This work is part of the realization of our doctoral thesis whose theme is "Problem of the food and nutritional practices of the urban populations of the precarious districts of Port-Bouët, in Abidjan (Ivory Coast). This study aims to present the characteristics, food and hygiene of shops, markets and street food places in precarious neighborhoods of the municipality of Port-Bouët in Abidjan. The methodology is based on (1) direct observation of the environment of these shops and street food places (2) surveys of the supporters of these shops (questionnaires). In the 65 precarious neighborhoods of Port-Bouët, grouped into seven zones, there are many street food places and they are mostly “open air”. Most of the shops, markets and street food places are located along dusty roads or gutters containing sewage. They open from morning to evening and are generally run by women of foreign origin and some Ivorians. It sells foods for breakfast, lunch, snack and dinner, of African types. Vendors, utensils, cutlery are “relatively good” cleanliness. Some shops and street food places do not have handwashing points. Others give customers the same container filled with water to wash their hands. In short, shops and street food places have poor hygiene that can impact the health of consumers.

Lokum (Turkish delight) is a type of jelly-like dessert based on sucrose and starch that has been produced for hundreds of years. In this study, a standard sample of sweetener containing sucrose was synthesized, sucrose was partially replaced by 25% with sorbitol in treatment T1, 25% each of sorbitol and xylitol in treatment T2 and 25% each of sorbitol and stevia in treatment T3. To improve the texture of the substitution treatments, gelatin 3,4 and 5g/100g were added respectively, as well as flavoring agents such as cardamom and mastic 0.2g/100ml each of them. Some of the physicochemical properties of all treatments were studied at the beginning of storage, such as pH, TA% and color index of the produced Lokum. It was noticed from the results that a significant increase in the pH value in the replacement treatments T1, T2 and T3, which amounted to 4.11, 4.18 and 4.33 respectively compared to the standard treatment T0 which reached 4.02 coinciding with a decrease in TA% compared with standard treatment which increased in it and reached to 0.12%. As for the color index, it was higher significantly in the standard treatment T0, as its color absorption value was 1.42 nm than the rest of the treatments. The hardness of the Lokum rose significantly at the end of storage in the standard treatment T0, which amounted to 292 pen. unit and decreased in the replacement treatments T1, T2 and T3 which reached 188, 149 and 137 pen. Unit respectively, coinciding with a significant increase in the moisture content in it, which reached 28.76, 31.32 and 32.92% respectively compared to the standard treatment in which it decreased and amounted to 23.77%. The type of treatments and storage period affected in the sensory properties (taste, chewing ability, flexibility and appearance) of the produced Lokum. The degrees of acceptance of all properties were high significantly at the beginning of storage, but decreased at the end. The best samples in terms of acceptability by the assessors were the T1 treatment in which sucrose was partially replaced by sugar alcohol (sorbitol) depending on the taste and flexibility of the Lokum, while the acceptance degree decreased in the two treatments T2 and T3 especially at the end of storage due to the loss of its taste and flexibility.

The use of synthetic antitoxins in food has been reduced due to their suspected carcinogenic effect, as well as to the general consumer rejection of synthetic food additives. Several studies have indicated that the use of synthetic toxicants is beginning to be restricted due to their health risks and toxicity. Therefore, the importance of replacing synthetic toxicants with natural ingredients in spices and other plant materials has increased significantly. Tanning agents have been widely used in folk medicine of many cultures. Recently, tanning and even fermented materials have been shown to have a high percentage of antioxidant activity. Tanning materials are an important food sources of the antioxidant phenolic compounds. Tanning agents are known for their many health-promoting and visible wound-healing properties. Antimicrobial activity, anticancer property, antisclerotic and antioxidant.

This study was conducted with the aim of manufacturing four types of milk, they are yogurt (T1) and almond milk fermented with starter yoghurt bacteria (Lactobacillus delbruckiisb bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophiles) treated (T2) and almond milk fermented with bacteria (L. bulgaricus and Lactobacillus acidophilus) treated (T3) And almond milk fermented with bacteria (Bifidobacterium longum and L. acidophilus) treated (T4). The results of the chemical analysis showed that the percentage of moisture in the milk of the treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4) had a significant decrease when stored at refrigerator temperature after 14 days of storage. A significant increase in the percentage of fat and protein was observed after 14 days of storage for the different treatments compared to the first day of manufacturing. The pH values ​​of the milk of the above treatments had a significant decrease during storage at a temperature of 5±2 °C for 14 days. As for the percentage of acidity, as the storage period progressed, a significant increase occurred in its peaks. The results of the microorganisms’ numbers examinations showed that the total number of aerobic bacteria increased after 14 days of storage in the refrigerator and no growth of colon bacteria, yeasts and molds appeared in almond milk and yoghurt during the 14-day storage period. The sensory evaluation results showed that the treatments for almond milk and yogurt were acceptable and the sapphire milk got the highest scores throughout the 14-day storage period.

Vitamin D is a fat-dissolvable nutrient expected for avoidance of various sicknesses combined with bone related immune system illnesses for instance rickets, osteoporosis and osteomalacia. Lack of vitamin D is seen in both the sexes and among all the age groups. Micronutrient lacks are consistently adding to the rising weight of wellbeing related co-morbidities with low dietary calcium and magnesium intake in Indian populace. Regardless of loads of daylight, vitamin D inadequacy is far and wide in India as well as everywhere. The expansiveness of broadly utilized food varieties, including milk, cheddar, margarine, dairy items and different breakfast drinks, can work on the state of lack of vitamin D. There is prerequisite of advancement of effective systems which can diminish lack of vitamin D in everybody as well as in various age groups.

High stunting rate of under-five children in Indonesia is worrisome that government is focusing to reduce the stunting rate. Stunting has long-term consequences not only on individual’s health, but also the child’s cognitive development and productivity in the adulthood. Nutrition intervention in the early phase is important to prevent stunting, particularly before the age of two A cost-comparison analysis was performed to calculate the cost between liquid- versus powder-based nutrition intervention to prevent stunting among undernutrition children. Secondary and primary data was used to do a cost-comparison analysis was performed to calculate the cost between liquid- versus powder-based nutrition intervention. An assumption of similar nutrient content with the liquid-based product was used to assume that the effectiveness would be similar. Total costs were higher for the liquid-based product when compared to the powder-based product nutrition intervention program. Use of powder-based product would save cost 793,210 IDR per child, compared to liquid-based product.

Averrhoa bilimbi commonly known as bilimbi, is starchy and nutritious fruit rich in ascorbic acid and minerals. The study was aimed for the development of pasteurized bilimbi syrup, a value added and shelf stable product from bilimbi and thereby increase its market value. The heat penetration characteristics during pasteurization of the syrup packed in polypropylene bottles were studied. 29% of bilimbi syrup diluted using potable water to a concentration of 21ºBrix was selected by the sensory panel to serve as ready to drink after dilution. Animal studies to detect histological changes in cardiac, renal and hepatic tissues of experimental rats fed with bilimbi syrup did not show any changes in morphology. Shelf life of the product at ambient conditions (25 to 28ºC) was determined by analyzing the physiochemical changes in the product during storage for a period of 10 months. pH increased from 3.23 to 3.75, titratable acidity decreased from 2.54 to 1.07% of oxalic acid, total sugar increased from 59.59 to 65.07g/100g and ascorbic acid decreased from 44.61 to 34.25mg/100g on the eleventh month. The color of the product showed a rapid change affecting the L* value which decreased from 49.19 to 28.25. The sensory acceptability of the product also decreased which was below the acceptable level on the 11th month. Hence shelf life of pasteurized bilimbi syrup was estimated as ten months at ambient conditions.

Ready to eat tomato curry in see through retort pouches was developed using steam air retort. The product was found to be commercially sterile after retorting to an F0 value of 7.34 minutes. The heat penetration characteristics of the product was studied and revealed a total process time of 30.38 minutes to attain the above F0 value and the cook value was 66.03 minutes. The characteristics of the see through retort pouch used for the study was analyzed and our results showed that it had good barrier properties and is suitable for food contact applications. Tomato is known as a rich source of lycopene, thus in this study the ready to eat tomato curry was also analyzed to determine the changes that occurred in the lycopene content during processing. Shelf life studies conducted revealed a shelf life of one year at ambient temperature (26 to 28°C).

The marine environment is a prolific resource for the isolation of less exploited microorganisms and as a matter of fact in the sea, untapped habitats exist with unique characteristics. This is partly caused by the lack of effort spent in exploring marine actinomycetes, whereas terrestrial actinomycetes have been, until recently, a successful source of novel bioactive metabolites. Furthermore, scepticism regarding the existence of indigenous population of marine actinomycetes arises from the fact that the terrestrial bacteria produce resistant spores that are known to be transported from land into sea, where they remain available but dormant for many years. Thus, it has been frequently assumed that actinomycetes isolated from marine samples are merely of terrestrial origin. It may be better to seek evidence instead that marine derived actinomycetes are metabolically active or capable of growing in the marine environment. Other useful characteristics include the display of specific marine adaptations, the formation of associations with plants or invertebrates and the demonstration of a role in nutrient cycling, all of which provide an indication that these bacteria are not merely present as dormant spores. When coupled with phylogenetic novelty, evidence for any of the above traits provides a strong case that the specific population under study can be considered as marine. As marine organisms live in a significantly different environment from those of the terrestrial organisms, it is reasonable to expect that their metabolites will differ considerably. Although actinomycetes can be readily isolated from marine sediments using appropriate selective isolation techniques, it is only through the use of molecular phylogenetics, a clear picture of the diversity, distributions and taxonomic uniqueness of certain populations can be obtained. Once recognized as unique, this population can then be selected as the focal point for intensive natural product studies. Clearly, actinomycetes have the potential to continue to play a major role in microbial drug discovery and the recent observations on significant population of marine-adapted actinomycetes occur in ocean sediments, could certainly emphasize the potential importance of these strains in future drug discovery efforts.